Civil war has raged in South Sudan for two years. Horrific atrocities continue to be committed against the civilian population by both primary parties to the conflict as UNMISS has struggled to protect civilians within and beyond its protection of civilians (POC) sites. This report by the Stimson Center and the Australian Strategic Policy Institute examines the challenges the U.N. Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) has faced in its efforts to protect civilians from physical violence despite the priority and focus of the revised mandate that was adopted following the outbreak of civil war in December 2013. The report offers recommendations for stakeholders to consider as part of the upcoming mandate review that will take place by December 15, 2015, as well as lessons for future reviews.