Venezuela CSPA Country Profile • Stimson Center

CSPA Implementation Tracker

Venezuela

Years Listed

Each shaded box corresponds to a year the country appeared on the CSPA list and what types of waivers it received, if any.

Venezuela has appeared on the CSPA list for four consecutive years beginning in 2021. The U.S. president has not waived CSPA prohibitions against the provision of U.S. arms sales and military assistance to Venezuela for any of the years it was listed, although the country was never slated to receive arms sales or military assistance subject to the CSPA between FY2022 and FY2025. As a result, no U.S. arms sales or military assistance to Venezuela have been waived or prohibited due to the CSPA.

According to the U.S. State Department, as recently as March 2024 Venezuelan authorities provided support and a permissive environment to non-state armed groups that recruit and use child soldiers, including Colombian illegal armed groups that operate in Venezuela.¹ Non-state armed groups, including the National Liberation Army (ELN) and Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) dissidents, are alleged to have forcibly recruited children and used child soldiers in combat to grow their operations and strengthen their influence in Venezuela as well as in neighboring countries with limited governance.² High-ranking officials linked to former president Nicolás Maduro, members of Venezuela’s security forces, and local authorities reportedly colluded with, tolerated, and allowed these groups to operate in the country with impunity since at least 2019.³ That same year, Venezuela’s armed forces allegedly ordered Army, National Guard, and various militia members in states bordering Colombia to avoid engaging unspecified allied groups in Venezuelan territory, some of which may exploit children as soldiers, and encouraged the armed forces to aid and support their operations.⁴

The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the recruitment of child soldiers in Venezuela. During the pandemic, school drop-out rates reached up to 82 percent in the country’s border regions, and an estimated 75 percent of children unable to attend school in these regions were recruited by non-state armed groups. School closures and lack of access to school lunches and supplies were exploited by non-state armed groups which lured children in for recruitment with promises of school supplies, basic sustenance, and gifts – FARC dissidents and the ELN reportedly registered over 20,000 students to receive school supplies as part of their recruitment process in Venezuela. Armed groups are also reported to have used brochures and lectures to indoctrinate, recruit, and engage children.⁵

Venezuelan authorities have never made sufficient efforts to combat the forced recruitment of children by non-state armed groups. According to the U. S. State Department, the Maduro regime has continued to both overlook and provide a permissive environment for the forced recruitment use of child soldiers by these armed groups.⁶

For more information, see the U.S. State Department’s 2024 Trafficking in Persons Report and 2023 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices.