Understanding the Energy-Climate-Security Relationship

Levels of human rights and security have continued to diminish as abuses by armed Islamist groups grew, a political crisis deepened, and impunity for past and ongoing atrocities by all armed groups persisted. There have been violent incidents especially in the north and center, and in areas bordering Mauritania, Burkina Faso and Côte d’Ivoire. Mali’s transition to civilian rule following the 2020 military coup suffered a setback after another coup in May 2022, the third in less than 10 years.

The authorities have been unable to address rampant banditry or restore state authority and services, including the judiciary, in the north and center, undermining the rule of law and confidence in the state. There has been some progress delivering justice in terrorism cases, but not for large-scale atrocities implicating ethnic militias and soldiers during counterterrorism operations.